فصلنامه تحقیقات جغرافیایی
سال سی و هشتم شماره 3 (پیاپی 149، تابستان 1402)

Morphometry can be defined as a quantitative measurement of the shape of landscapes on the ground, which can be used to identify areas with active tectonics. The purpose of this research is to investigate the active tectonics in the Sivand basin using five morphometric indices of Asymmetry factor of the drainage basin (Af), Relative relief (Bh), Form factor (Ff), Hypsometric integral and curve (Hi) and Stream gradient index (SL). By conducting this research, it is possible to understand the active processes in the Sivand basin and prevent damages caused by natural disasters such as floods and earthquakes to some extent.

This is a survey carried out in 2022-2023 in Fars province and it is a practical study in terms of its purpose. The nature of the data and their calculations are quantitative. GIS software and digital elevation map (DEM) with an accuracy of 30 meters, were used to calculate the indices. For each index, a zoning map was prepared in the area, and each of the mentioned indices was classified into five categories very high, high, medium, low and very low geotechnical activity. Finally, by averaging the entire category of indices, a final index of relative active tectonics index (Iat) was obtained and the area was classified into three categories of high, medium and low terraforming activity.

In the sub-basins of Avanjan Fault, Musakhani Fault, Sivand Fault, Sivand river Fault and the faults located in the south of the investigated area, the measured indices showed high and medium values, which is due to the medium to high tectonic activity of the area.

The Sivand basin has medium to high tectonic activity and the northern, northwestern, middle and southern parts of the region are more active than other parts. It is due to the effect of the mentioned faults on the region.

One of the effective approaches to enhance the motivation of rural communities is to engage in entrepreneurial activities within the domain of rural tourism. In order to accomplish this objective, it is crucial to identify captivating destinations, evaluate the present condition of rural societies, and recognize the inherent talents and abilities of the rural inhabitants. The primary purpose of this study is to identify the prospects for the establishment of small and medium-sized enterprises focused on tourism within the villages of the Shemiranat region.

This descriptive-analytical research has a practical perspective in relation to its objectives. The statistical population comprises the villages situated in three rural districts, namely Lavasan bozorg, Lavasan Koochak, and Rudbar Qasran, which selected through the employment of spatial cluster sampling method. Furthermore samples were chosen based on their availability and utilizing the snowball method, resulting in a total sample size of 313 participants. Data collection was conducted using field studies and a researcher-made questionnaire. The reliability and validity of the data collection tools were determined using Cronbach's alpha coefficient and content validity method. The gathered data was subjected to analysis employing the T-paired test within the SPSS 22 software.

The findings of the study revealed the identification of 6 indicators and 84 components, which were recognized as potential opportunities for the advancement of small to medium-sized enterprises in the examined villages. These opportunities were assessed by means of a questionnaire. Following an expert review, the number of components reduced to 80. The questionnaire's validity was substantiated by the application of Cronbach's alpha coefficient, yielding a value of 0.85. Among the opportunities for tourism development, the following categories were deemed suitable: economic, social-cultural, infrastructural-opportunity, spatial, psychological, and attractive opportunities. Based on the T-paired test, the most crucial opportunities were determined to be the attractive, psychological, and infrastructural ones.

The villages of the Shemiranat region offer noteworthy prospects across multiple dimensions for the advancement of tourism. These opportunities possess the potential to serve as a catalyst for fostering economic expansion.

The issue of the quality of the urban environment has gained significant importance in recent years within society. It is imperative to prioritize the consideration of third places in order to foster local communities and enhance the well-being of urban life. The primary objective of this study is to identify the factors that influence third places and the quality of the urban environment.

This research employed a quantitative approach, utilizing a survey method and drawing upon targeted library documentaries and Delphi studies to determine conceptual indicators in the year 1402 in Ahvaz city. The sample size consisted of experts and specialists in the field relevant to the research topic, totaling 30 individuals. Through the application of the cross-effects analysis technique and the Micmac program, this study examined the components of third places and the environmental quality of Ahvaz city. For the purpose of this study, the Delphi method was employed to identify 55 components and 10 dimensions as indicators of the third place and the quality of the environment. The data was then analyzed using path analysis test with the PLS Smart structural equation model.

The analysis of the 55 factors revealed 11 key factors that have the greatest impact on the future state of Ahvaz's environmental quality. These factors were identified by examining the direct and indirect effects of the factors on each other and the future state of Ahvaz's environmental quality.The findings of the prioritization of the effective dimensions in the third places and the quality of the environment in Ahvaz city indicate that activity and utility indicators, perception, and mental image and relaxation are ranked as the most important factors.

There is a comprehensive and multidimensional relationship between the quality of the environment and third places in Ahvaz City. This is due to the fact that the enhancement of environmental quality in this particular urban area is closely intertwined with the robust structural interdependence among these fundamental factors.

Sustainable urban development encompasses various dimensions, including economic, social, and environmental aspects. Both human managerial factors and natural factors can exert an influence on the achievement of urban sustainability. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the primary drivers that have an impact on the sustainable development of Jahrom city.

This study employed a descriptive approach and was conducted in Jahrom during the period of 2022-2023. Data was collected through the utilization of a questionnaire developed by the researchers. The identification of the influential factors was accomplished through an in-depth examination of the existing literature. Subsequently, a questionnaire consisting of 35 items was formulated based on the identified factors. Following the principles of the Delphi method, the questionnaires were distributed among a group of individuals (N=40) who possessed relevant expertise in the field. The selection of these individuals was carried out using the snowball sampling method. The final version of the questionnaire underwent a review process and was subsequently provided to a panel of 15 experts and city managers for the purpose of assigning weights to the identified factors. The selection of these individuals was carried out using a purposeful sampling strategy. Finally, the data collected was analyzed using the decisive effects analysis method facilitated by the utilization of the MICMAC software.

Sanitation and water quality exerted the greatest influence on other variables in a direct manner. Nevertheless, the most influential and robust indirect impact on other variables was observed in the realms of effective management, water quality, and employment.

Seven Factors of citizen culture, employment status, water quality, efficient management, security, education, and health exert the most significant influence on the sustainable development of Jahrom city.

Dust is a weather problem that can cause serious environmental hazards and cause adverse effects on agriculture, industry, traffic and people's daily life. In this study, sources of dust and fine dust production in East Azarbaijan province (eastern edge of Lake Urmia) were identified and investigated.

Progressive research from the point of view of the method in the category of quantitative research and data analysis using, identifying the sources of fine dust production using 6-year statistics (2017-2022), measuring and monitoring the production of dust and wind deposits using the RDD index, as well as measuring the threshold speed and intensity of wind erosion using the wind tunnel device was done.

The share of land use in micro-district centers of the province is 48.8% of agricultural lands, 19% of dried wetlands or lakes, 32.2% of degraded pastures, etc. From the point of view of morphology, micro-rounded centers of the province are about 2.53% of hilly plains and 97.47% of flood plains, etc. The micro dust production center on the eastern edge of Urmia Lake is the most active center in the province, which causes many problems for local residents and neighboring areas. This center of fine dust mainly includes rainfed agricultural lands, abandoned agricultural lands, dried up wetlands or lakes, and degraded pastures.

In East Azarbaijan province, some lands such as plowed agricultural lands, abandoned wet fields, poor pastures, the dry bed of Urmia Lake shore caused by water receding, the dry bed of rivers and seasonal waterways, etc. In case of adverse climatic factors and availability the presence of other environmental conditions can potentially act as sources of fine dust production, but the above-mentioned lands are scattered in East Azerbaijan province and in certain cases and times they are capable of producing fine dust in a considerable amount.

The study of energy geopolitics entails examining the role that energy plays in geopolitical dynamics and power competitions. The global economy and security place considerable importance and emphasis on energy, to the extent that it serves as an indicator of security levels. This significance applies to both oil-producing and oil-consuming countries, prompting them to carefully manage their situations to ensure they are not endangered by developments in global competition. The objective of this research is to investigate the geopolitical developments surrounding energy and their influence on Saudi Arabia's inclination to diversify its economic resources.

In the realm of energy geopolitics, nations reliant on fossil fuel consumption have shifted their focus towards substituting it with renewable sources as a means of mitigating the vulnerabilities stemming from their dependence on conventional fuels. However, the altered global energy consumption pattern and the emergence of renewable energy have introduced novel risks for fossil fuel producing countries within the domain of energy geopolitics, thereby jeopardizing their national interests. Consequently, countries with substantial crude oil production, such as Saudi Arabia, have initiated endeavors to align their economic strategies with these transformations through comprehensive analysis of prevailing circumstances and anticipation of future developments, ultimately safeguarding themselves against long-term perils.

One of the challenges encountered by urban planners pertains to achieving optimal management and balance in the development of urban and regional areas. In relation to this matter, the primary objective of this study was to assess and analyze the trajectory of economic and social stability in the cities of Mazandaran province during the 2006 and 2021 censuses.

This study, characterized as descriptive-analytical in nature, relied on data obtained from government agencies and the aforementioned censuses conducted in 2006 and 2021. To determine the components of sustainability, a sample of 30 experts was selected using a simple random method. The questionnaire's validity and reliability were established through the calculation of Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Subsequently, the stability of 16 cities in Mazandaran province during the 2006 census and 22 cities during the 2021 census was evaluated employing the stability barometer, Electr, and Vicor models. Finally, the cities' sustainability was assessed through the utilization of the Copeland technique, which enabled the determination of the final ranking.

The findings from the utilization of sustainability evaluation methodologies demonstrated varying degrees of sustainability among cities. Additionally, the economic and social indicators revealed that the cities of Sari, Babol, Amel, Qaimshahr, Tonkabon, and Chalus exhibit higher levels of sustainability. Moreover, the city of Sari has consistently upheld its position of superiority due to its centralization in political-administrative affairs and the implementation of growth pole strategies, leading to the concentration of economic, political, and social activities and resources within the province.

In conclusion, the cities within the Mazandaran province have encountered distinct levels of stability, with the issue of instability primarily affecting small and medium-sized cities in terms of their scale, and predominantly associated with economic matters when considering indicators. Consequently, the implementation of solutions derived from this research offers the potential to foster stability and facilitate the development of cities.

The absence of regulations in close proximity to fault lines, disregard for non-structural defense in urban planning, and failure to adhere to construction standards can result in modifications to urban development. Crisis management experiences indicate that residential areas are predominantly concentrated in zones prone to seismic activity, necessitating the protection of urban spaces and the mitigation of ineffective damages. This study aims to identify the environmental, physical-spatial, social, and economic components, along with their influential indicators, and comprehensively assess the vulnerabilities and earthquake-prone areas. Furthermore, it aims to redefine risk reduction strategies based on the findings of this analysis.

The present study is classified as a descriptive study wherein the process of data collection and analysis has been employed. A cohort of 30 specialists was chosen, and their survey outcomes concerning the condition of the municipal areas of Kermanshah were evaluated using a Fuzzy TOPSIS model. The model's output was graphically represented as a map prepared by GIS software, and the analysis of the resultant map was conducted to compare urban areas in relation to physical growth.

The results indicate that regions 8 and 4 exhibit the minimum susceptibility, region 5 ranking third, region 1 ranking fourth, regions 2 and 3 ranking fifth, region 6 ranking sixth, and region 7 ranking seventh.

The susceptibility of the eight primary districts in Kermanshah is ascribed to their spatial proximity and distance from fault lines, the socioeconomic standing of the inhabitants, the structural resilience, the presence of accessible areas and emergency facilities, the density of the population, the proximity of neighborhoods, and the existence of dilapidated residential areas.

Estimation of carrying capacity is a practical management tool in managing tourism and recreational activities in protected areas. Using quantitative methods, the aim of the research was to estimate the tourism carrying capacity of four recreation areas in Golestan National Park in the north of Iran. This study provides a basis for future environmental design of the recreation areas and sustainable tourism management plan, which increases the possibility of achieving the conservation, recreation and educational goals of the park.

After identifying the scope and limits of the recreation areas, 22 limiting factors for each area were determined according to the climatic, ecological, social and infrastructure characteristics. Using the quantitative methods of IUCN, physical (PCC), real (RCC) and effective (ECC) carrying capacity of each recreation area were determined.

The ECC was estimated as 6018, 1033, 195, and 770 persons for Golshan, Abshar, Golzar, and Mirzabaylou recreation areas, respectively. In total, 8016 persons per day can visit 28 hectares of four recreation areas of Golestan National Park around the year, which of course is different in each area and the season, consequently may be change up to three times.

The total number of daily visitors in the 28-hectare recreation areas of Golestan National Park, which is recommended as the effective carrying capacity, is 8016 individuals in a year. This is the highest number of visitors in each recreation area during different seasons of the year. It means maximum one visitor per day can be present in every 27, 48, 211 and 42 m2 of Golshan, Abshar, Golzar, and Mirzabaylou sites, respectively.

Debris Flow is a natural hazard phenomenon that frequently manifests suddenly, inflicting substantial economic and human losses. To date, numerous methodologies have been proposed to manage debris flow; however, the intricate nature of the governing equations renders the analysis of debris flow an exceedingly arduous and nearly unattainable task. The principal objective of this investigation was to assess the efficacy of vertical piers in mitigating debris flow.

This particular study, characterized as an empirical-computational endeavor, transpired between the months of April and August in 2023. Its focus was centered on the Solqan region, situated in the northwestern vicinity of Tehran, an area notably susceptible to debris flow. Within this study, the influence of truncated concrete piers on the reduction of flow velocity and blockage was explored and replicated through employment of the RAMMS numerical model. To accomplish this, a variety of pier arrangements were considered at different junctures along the pathway of flow, with subsequent assessment of the modeling outcomes.

Among all the simulated scenarios, the scenario in which the piers were organized in a triangular shape pointing downwards exhibited the most noticeable impact on the reduction of momentum, inundation area, and run-out distance. Additionally, it is worth noting that if these piers were positioned in the lower section of the hill slope, their efficacy in halting the flow would be significantly enhanced.

The utilization of vertical piers along the course of the debris flow can yield a substantial decrease in the momentum, inundation area, and run-out distance associated with the debris flow phenomenon. The influence exerted by the collective presence of piers on the flow is contingent upon the configuration of the piers, their dimensions, as well as the spacing between them. By employing numerical models the optimal scenario can be determined and implemented.

Aims :

Mental images are formed by direct and indirect experiences of space, which refer to the complex acquisition, processing, and interpretation of information in the human mind. Like internal representation, it acts as a cognitive map due to the surrounding space, which directs both the relationships and actions of humans in the space. In this regard, the current research emphasizes identifying the crucial components in forming students' mental images of urban landscape.

Current research uses quantitative methods as well as graphic questionnaires. The statistical population included students in the 1st semester of urban planning, 25 girls and 25 boys, in 2022. The research model was extracted due to theoretical studies to collect data from mental images. The obtained data will be analyzed based on Confirmatory Factor Analysis and Correlational study via Smart PLS and IBM SPSS 25.0. 

According to Confirmatory Factor Analysis, according to the students, "physical structure" with an impact factor (0.930) whose components with factor load include: "geometry" (0.681), "direction and axis" (0.639), "differentiation and similarity" (0.596), "simplicity and diversity" (0.587), "scale and proportion" (0.499) and "visual range sequence" (0.425) are the most determining factors. In the second place, "functional structure" with an impact factor (0.733) And it ranks second with the components of "human activity" (0.815) and "functional species" (0.672). The "sense of time" factor has an impact factor (-0.084) with the components of "historical buildings" (1.000). Based on the correlation results, no significant difference was seen in the gender factor.

Urban landscape are formed more by a mixture of functional, physical structures, which have an immediate effect on the imitability of the town. Moreover, physical structures have the most influential role in this process. Additionally, it is revealed that gender factors did not affect this issue.

This study aimed to use theory and innovative functions presented in recent studies to provide effective components for the design of the biophilic city.

This comparative analytical research was done in 2023-2024. The statistic population was 309 studies, published in ISI, WoS, ESI, IWSC, Scopus databases, and Persian studies in SID, Mogiran, Civilica, etc. databases in 2001-2016. 54 studies were selected using the inclusion criteria including the keywords "biophilic" and "green city design" through purposive sampling. In addition, an interview with a panel of experts was also used to identify effective elements. These experts were selected using snowball sampling. Then, variables affecting the biophilic city design were extracted. The reliability of the components was evaluated using a questionnaire and experts' opinions. Data were analyzed using structural equations through Micmac software.

Based on the findings, 54 effective components of biophilic city design were identified. The highest influence and lowest affectability were observed in adjusting the laws, biophilic programs, and the existence of budgets for biophilic and biomimicry activities. And the components of improving physical and mental health, performance and health, and human compatibility with nature have the most affectability and the least influence. The important effective, impressionable, independent, and bimodal components included 22, 14, 7, and 11 components, respectively.

Urban planners can use effective components based on structural equations and their impact on each other to design a biophilic city and increase human-nature interaction.

Healthy city approach examines the quality of life of the people of a society from the environmental aspect, community health, individual and social living environment, social welfare, etc. In this descriptive-analytical research, with the aim of identifying the indicators of a healthy city, the environmental situation of Tehran was evaluated and compared.

The statistical population is selected Asian cities and 22 districts of Tehran. The status of each of the indicators has also been collected separately from library sources and organizational references. At first, in order to determine and recognize the degree of proximity of Tehran city to the indicators of a healthy city, using the fuzzy network analysis model and Vicor ranking model, the position of this city among selected Asian cities was determined and prioritized. Then, by referring to the specific weights of the indicators and Vicor model, the ranking of each of the 22 districts of Tehran was done, in order to determine the importance of each of them in the current situation of Tehran.

The obtained results indicate that Tehran ranks sixth among the selected Asian cities, but it has a lower rank in all the examined criteria than the average values ​​obtained. Among the regions of Tehran, this survey also showed that regions 22, 18 and 6 are in the best condition and regions 9, 10 and 12 are in the worst condition.

These results show that Tehran has taken steps towards achieving the indicators of a healthy city, but due to various reasons, it has not been able to achieve these indicators in 22 regions with tasteful management. The proposed strategy is an adaptive approach and improving governance capacity.

the present study aimed at developing an integrated decision-making model based on remote sensing (RS) and GIS to identify the geomorphotourism potentials of Tajnood Valley and Hemmatbad Desert in Zirkuh County.

In the present study, after identifying landforms, geomorphological features, and geosites through RS, the Fassoulas, GAM, and Comanescu models were employed to prioritize and value geotourism potentials, including geosites, geomorphosites, and economic and cultural sites. Finally, in order to overcome the challenges of each model and take advantage of the capacity of all models, the Fassoulas-GAM-Comanescu integrated model (FA-CO-GM) was used based on the Analytical Hierarchy Method (AHP). In this way, it is possible to combine several factors that are considered separately in each model and to use the advantages of all models.

The final map of the decision-making model based on RS and GIS integrated from Comanescu, Fassoulas, and GAM shows that 36% of the region is located in a high potential zone, corresponding to the geomorphological landforms, proper access, extended perspective, and high viewpoints. 51% of the region is located in a very high potential zone due to its representativeness, geomorphological diversity, rarity, intactness, and integrity in geosites. In order to verify the accuracy of Comanescu, Fascilos, GAM and AHP models, a sample t-test was used. The significance level of the test is less than 0.05 and it is within the standard and significant test limit.

While identifying and evaluating the capability of the geomorphosite of Tajnood Valley and Hemmatabad Desert in the dry region of Zirkuh county, it was found that after applying several valuation models, with one of the multi-criteria decision-making methods (MCDM) in GIS, it is possible to fix these defects and prepare a suitable zoning map for the geosite and combine the results of several models.

Aims  :

Many universities today have a significant impact on the economy, society and environment, because they resemble small cities in terms of size and population. Universities have an important responsibility in creating a vision for the future in the field of sustainable development. Facing important issues such as changing weather conditions and lack of environmental resources as well as environmental destruction, the mission of universities is to create a space for environmental restoration. The introduction of green practices in the development of universities is still in the early stages. Therefore, the current research has identified and classified the dimensions and components of the sustainable green University.

Methodology :

This study was conducted using the Delphi technique. Delphi panel members were 20 faculty members of Ilam University who were selected through purposeful sampling and using the snowball technique. Data analysis was done using SPSS v 26.

Findings:

 After two rounds of questionnaire distribution, the number of 91 components in 10 dimensions including green research, green organizational culture, green psychology, financing, green administration and accounting, campus sustainability, green education, green management, green specialized and social services, Evaluation, reporting, accountability, commitment and monitoring of sustainable development and provision of environmental information and green participation were identified for the establishment and development of the Green University.

Conclusion :

The main result of the current research is extracting and classifying the dimensions and components of green University according to the organizational and administrative structure of the country's universities. According to the changing and unique characteristics of the organizational structure and the way universities are run, this category helps universities and higher education institutions to take steps towards establishing a green university based on the most up-to-date components. Monitor and evaluate yourself on the way to becoming green.